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Labour unions emerged in Japan in the second half of the Meiji period, after 1890, as the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization.〔Nimura, K. (''The Formation of Japanese Labor Movement: 1868-1914'' ) (Translated by Terry Boardman). Retrieved 11 June 2011〕 Until 1945, however, the labour movement remained weak, impeded by lack of legal rights,〔Cross Currents. (Labor unions in Japan. ) CULCON. Retrieved 11 June 2011〕 anti-union legislation,〔 management-organized factory councils, and political divisions between “cooperative” and radical unionists.〔Weathers, C. (2009). Business and Labor. In William M. Tsutsui, ed., ''A Companion to Japanese History'' (2009) pp. 493-510. 〕 In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the US Occupation authorities initially encouraged the formation of independent unions.〔 Legislation was passed that enshrined the right to organize,〔Jung, L. (30 March 2011). (National Labour Law Profile: Japan. ) ILO. Retrieved 10 June 2011〕 and membership rapidly rose to 5 million by February 1947.〔 The organization rate, however, peaked at 55.8% in 1949〔Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training website (Labor Situation in Japan and Analysis: 2009/2010 ) Retrieved 10 June 2011〕 and subsequently declined to 18.5% as of 2010.〔 The labour movement went through a process of reorganization from 1987 to 1991〔Dolan, R. E. & Worden, R. L. (Eds.). ''Japan: A Country Study''. (Labor Unions, Employment and Labor Relations. ) Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1994. Retrieved 12 June 2011〕 from which emerged the present configuration of three major labour union federations, along with other smaller national union organizations. ==National labor union federations== In 2005, 43,096 labour unions in Japan, with a combined membership of 7,395,666 workers,〔 belonged either directly, or indirectly through labour union councils, to the three main labour union federations: *Rengo: Japanese Trade Union Confederation (日本労働組合総連合会 ''Nihon Rōdōkumiai Sōrengō-kai'') 33,940 unions, 6,507,222 members〔〔Japanese Trade Union Confederation (''Rengo''), (Affiliated unions. ) Retrieved 10 June 2011〕 * Zenroren: National Confederation of Trade Unions (全国労働組合総連合 ''Zenkoku Rōdōkumiai Sōrengō'') 7,531 unions, 730,102 members〔〔Japan Institute for Labour Policy, Survey 2001-2002. (Affiliated unions, National Confederation of Trade Unions (''Zenroren''). ) Retrieved 10 June 2011〕 *Zenrokyo: National Trade Union Council (全国労働組合連絡協議会 ''Zenkoku Rōdōkumiai Renraku Kyōgi-kai'') 1,625 unions, 158,342 members〔〔National Trade Union Council (''Zenrokyo'') (Affiliated unions. ) Retrieved 8 June 2011〕 A further 19,139 unions, with a combined membership of 2,842,521 workers, were affiliated to other national labour organizations.〔 The labour union organizations included (with membership figures for 2001/2002)〔Japan Institute for Labour Policy, Survey 2001-2002, (Directory of Labor Administration, Major Trade Unions, and Employee's Associations in Japan. ) Retrieved 10 June 2011〕 the National Federation of Construction Workers' Unions (717,908) Federation of City Bank Employees' Unions (105,950), Zendenko Roren (53,853), National Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Societies Employees' Unions (45,830), All Japan Council of Optical Industry Workers' Union (44,776), National Teachers Federation of Japan (42,000), Faculty and Staff Union of Japanese Universities (38,500), and All Aluminium Industrial Workers Union (36,000). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Labor unions in Japan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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